MUTATION

I.Introduction

You want to know more about mutation? Lets find out!!

So mutation may affect only one gene or a whole chromosome.The errors in the sequence of  DNA provide the variation that is fundamental to the evolution of species.

Kinds of Mutation

PATAU SYNDROME

Patau syndrome, also known as trisomy 13 and trisomy D, is a chromosomal abnormality, a syndrome in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13 due to a nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis Some are caused by Robertsonian translocation The extra chromosome 13 disrupts the normal course of development, causing heart and kidney defects, amongst other features characteristic of Patau syndrome. Like all nondisjuncton conditions (such as Down Syndrome and Edwards Syndrome), the risk of this syndrome in the offspring increases with maternal age at pregnancy, with about 31 years being the average. Patau syndrome affects somewhere between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 21,700 live births.

PROGERIA SYNDROME

Progeria (also known as "Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome","Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome", and "Progeria syndrome") is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" , meaning "before", and "géras" , meaning "old age". The disorder has very low incidences and occurs in an estimated 1 per 8 million live births. Those born with progeria typically live to their mid teens and early twenties. It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation (de novo), and is rarely inherited. Although the term progeria applies strictly speaking to all diseases characterized by premature aging symptoms, and is often used as such, it is often applied specifically in reference to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS).

ALBINISM SYNDROME

Albinism (from LATIN albus, "white"; see extended etymology, also called achromia, achromasia, or achromatosis) is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. While an organism with complete absence of melanin is called an albino , an organism with only a diminished amount of melanin is described as albinoid.

EDWARDS SYNDROME

Edwards syndrome (also known as Trisomy 18 (T18) or Trisomy E) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 18th chromosome. It is named after John H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960. It is the second most common autosomal trisomy after Down syndrome, that carries to term.

Edwards syndrome is caused by the presence of three – as opposed to two – copies of chromosome 18 in a fetus's or infant's cells. Edwards' syndrome occurs in around one in 6,000 live births and around 80 per cent of those affected are female. The majority of fetuses with the syndrome die before birth. The incidence increases as the mother's age increases. The syndrome has a very low rate of survival, resulting from heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders.

TURNER SYNDROME

Turner syndrome or Ullrich-Turner syndrome (also known as "Gonadal dysgenesis^:550), 45 XO, encompasses several conditions in human females, of which monosomy X (absence of an entire sex chromosome, the Barr body) is most common. It is a chromosomal abnormality in which all or part of one of the sex chromosome is absent (unaffected humans have 46 chromosomes, of which two are sex chromosomes). Normal females have two X chromosomes, but in Turner syndrome, one of those sex chromosomes is missing or has other abnormalities. In some cases, the chromosome is missing in some cells but not others, a condition referred to as mosaicism or 'Turner mosaicism'.

II.Conclusion

On my own conclusion we have to be thankful that we are not like them that suffers that kind of syndrome we must take care ourselves,we don't know what happen next when your born again.

What is genetic disorders?

Noncan's syndrome is a fairly rare genetic disorder that affects roughly 1 in 100,000 people in the United States. It is not possible to get more accurate figures at this point, as the symptoms vary amongst males and females. This condition is an autosomal genetic disorder in which the genes are more dominant for development during the zygomotic stage of pregnancy. At this time there is no evidence known that indicates if the dominant gene is passed from the father or the mother. although there is speculation that it is a 50/50 flip. More research is needed before we can know what the trigger is.

Si Aung San Suu Kyi AC (Burmes: အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည် or  ay pinuno ng Pambansang Liga para sa Demokrasiya (National League for Democracy) sa Burma, at kilala sa bilanggo ng konsensya at tagataguyod ng hindi marahas na paglaban. Pangatlo si Aung San Suu Kyi sa tatlong magkakapatid sa kanyang mag-anak. Hinango ang kanyang pangalan mula sa tatlong kamag-anak; "Aung San" mula sa kanyang tatay, "Kyi" mula sa kanya ina at "Suu" mula sa kanyang lola.^[1] 

 

President Chandrika Kumaratunga inherited the liberal political philosophy of her father, the late SWRD Bandaranaike. In her student days in Paris, she was also greatly influenced by the radical student movement of the 1960s. The abiding element of that influence in today's vastly changed world circumstances is her deep commitment to the welfare of the deprived, the underprivileged and the disadvantaged. Her unshakable commitment to the imperatives of a plural society has been the other consistent strategy in her approach to politics. She has been a full time political activist from her early youth, establishing grass root contacts far and wide throughout the country.

 

 Megawati Sukarnoputri The 57-year-old Megawati (known as "Mega") came into power in 2001 after the impeachment of former president Abdurrahman Wahid. But being president of the world's largest Islamic nation (in terms of population), one that is a hotbed of anti-Western vitriol, is no easy feat. Besides Islamic militancy, Indonesia faces a host of economic troubles and regional separatism. Megawati's re-election in this fall's runoff contest is no sure thing, but don't expect her to drop out of politics even if she loses.-C.S

 

Gloria Arroyo -From January 17 to 20, 2001, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the site of the original People Power Revolution. The clamor for a change in the presidency gained momentum as various sectors of Philippine society – professionals, students, artists, politicians, leftist and rightist groups – joined what became known as EDSA II. Officials of the administration, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and the Philippine National Police (PNP) also withdrew their support for President Estrada.

Days after leaving Malacañang Palace, President Estrada's lawyers questioned the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency before the Supreme Court. He reiterated that he did not resign as president and that at most, Arroyo was just serving in an acting capacity. The high court, however, voted unanimously in upholding the legitimacy of Arroyo's succession. As a consequence, Estrada no longer enjoys immunity from charges being filed against him.

 

 

Cory Aquino-As President, Aquino oversaw the promulgation of a new constitution, which limited the powers of the presidency and established a bicameral legislature. Her administration gave strong emphasis and concern for civil liberties and human rights, and peace talks with communist insurgents and Muslim secessionists. Aquino's economic policies centered on bringing back economic health and confidence and focused on creating a market-oriented and socially responsible economy. Aquino's administration also faced a series of coup attempts and destructive natural calamities and disasters until the end of her term in 1992. 

A genetic disorder is an illness caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes, especially a condition that is present from before birth. Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions.

A genetic disorder may or may not be a heritable disorder. Some genetic disorders are passed down from the parents' genes, but others are always or almost always caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA. In other cases, the same disease, such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people, by new mutations in other people, and by non-genetic causes in still other people.